{"title":"Jon's Slice of History","description":"Important dates throughout Western civilisation","shortDescription":"All the dates I want to learn about history, art & science.","numberOfCards":213,"numberOfDates":308,"firstPublished":"2022-02-01T12:14:29.223Z","lastPublished":"2025-10-29T19:42:08.467Z","categories":[{"serverID":"96","title":"Science & Mathematics","shortDescription":"","rank":80,"cards":[{"id":"27CsOhNWAfSTeyFFKsgH","name":"Descartes","description":"René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra. Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century. He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume.","categoryID":"96","pitDate":null,"start":"+1596-03-31","end":"+1650-02-11","periodA":"Birth","periodB":"Death","rank":100,"links":[],"sourceTitle":null,"sourceURL":null},{"id":"3cAoyv6HWQgUmCARLtqS","name":"Bologna university","description":"It is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world, and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning.central role in the sciences during the Italian renaissance. It's alumni include Dante Alighieri, Nicholas Copernicus and Umberto Eco.","categoryID":"96","pitDate":"+1088-00-00","start":null,"end":null,"periodA":"Created","periodB":null,"rank":100,"links":[],"sourceTitle":"Wikipedia","sourceURL":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"id":"5xNEbfrGMBzhD9xgqYeJ","name":"Newcomen atmospheric engine","description":"The start of the steam era. The engine was operated by condensing steam drawn into the cylinder, thereby creating a partial vacuum which allowed the atmospheric pressure to push the piston into the cylinder. Watt's engine improved the (inefficient) design considerably.","categoryID":"96","pitDate":"+1712-00-00","start":null,"end":null,"periodA":"Start","periodB":null,"rank":100,"links":[]},{"id":"7dGywCvyxHAhRvfow6mv","name":"Edison Light Bulb","description":"Edison's carbon-filament incandescent light bulbs, the first electric light bulbs, were demonstrated and became commercially available on this date. Tungsten filaments were invented elsewhere 25 years later.","categoryID":"96","pitDate":"1879","start":null,"end":null,"periodA":"Invented","periodB":null,"rank":100,"links":[{"link":"iDc2gOz2L0gGmAisVXqJ","type":0,"text":"x>Edison Light Bulb [Invented]James Clerk Maxwell [Death]Edison Light Bulb [Invented]James Clerk Maxwell [Death]Edison Light Bulb [Invented]Ford Model T [Production Starts]Edison Light Bulb [Invented]Ford Model T [Production Starts]Abraham Lincoln assassinatedAntiseptic surgery by Joseph ListerAbraham Lincoln assassinatedAntiseptic surgery by Joseph ListerOn the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Hutton's Theory of Earth [Proposed]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Hutton's Theory of Earth [Proposed]Daguerreotype [Invented]Industrial Revolution [End]Daguerreotype [Invented]Industrial Revolution [End]The first telephone call [Made]Queen Victoria [End Reign / Death]The first telephone call [Made]Queen Victoria [End Reign / Death]The first telephone call [Made]Four-stroke engine [Created]The first telephone call [Made]Four-stroke engine [Created]Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance [Formulated]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance [Formulated]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Alexander the Great [Birth]Aristotle [Birth]Alexander the Great [Birth]Aristotle [Birth]Alexander the Great [Death]Aristotle [Death]Alexander the Great [Death]Aristotle [Death]Aristotle [Birth]Plato [Death]Aristotle [Birth]Plato [Death]Aristotle [Birth]Louis Pasteur [Birth]Aristotle [Birth]Louis Pasteur [Birth]Ptolemy I Soter [Reign Starts]Alexander the Great [Birth]Aristotle [Birth]Ptolemy I Soter [Reign Starts]Alexander the Great [Birth]Aristotle [Birth]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Ptolemy [Death]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Ptolemy [Death]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Knights Templar [Dissolved]Battle of Bannockburn [Happened]Knights Templar [Dissolved]Battle of Bannockburn [Happened]The first telephone call [Made]Four-stroke engine [Created]The first telephone call [Made]Four-stroke engine [Created]Four-stroke engine [Created]Ford Model T [Production Starts]Four-stroke engine [Created]Ford Model T [Production Starts]An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation [Published]A Treatise of Human Nature - David Hume [Published]An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation [Published]A Treatise of Human Nature - David Hume [Published]Smallpox Vaccine [Developed]Louis Pasteur [Birth]Smallpox Vaccine [Developed]Louis Pasteur [Birth]Royal Society [Created]Galileo Galilei discovers moons of JupiterRoyal Society [Created]Galileo Galilei discovers moons of JupiterDon Quixote [Published]Galileo Galilei discovers moons of JupiterDon Quixote [Published]Galileo Galilei discovers moons of JupiterJohann Sebastian Bach [Birth]Newton’s Principia [Published]Johann Sebastian Bach [Birth]Newton’s Principia [Published]Newton’s Principia [Published]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Edmond Halley [Death]Newton’s Principia [Published]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Edmond Halley [Death]Edmond Halley [Birth]Isaac Newton [Born]Newton’s Principia [Published]Edmond Halley [Birth]Isaac Newton [Born]Newton’s Principia [Published]Newton’s Principia [Published]Age of Enlightenment [Start (circa)]Newton’s Principia [Published]Age of Enlightenment [Start (circa)]Edison Light Bulb [Invented]James Clerk Maxwell [Death]Edison Light Bulb [Invented]James Clerk Maxwell [Death]Isaac Newton [Died]Euler [Birth]Isaac Newton [Died]Euler [Birth]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Isaac Newton [Born]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Isaac Newton [Born]Isaac Newton [Died]Gulliver's Travels [Published]South Sea Bubble [Bubble Burst]Isaac Newton [Died]Gulliver's Travels [Published]South Sea Bubble [Bubble Burst]Isaac Newton [Born]Death of Galileo GalileiIsaac Newton [Born]Death of Galileo GalileiEdmond Halley [Birth]Isaac Newton [Born]Newton’s Principia [Published]Edmond Halley [Birth]Isaac Newton [Born]Newton’s Principia [Published]Isaac Newton [Died]Witch persecutions in Scotland [Abolished]Isaac Newton [Died]Witch persecutions in Scotland [Abolished]Gulliver's Travels [Published]Isaac Newton [Died]Gulliver's Travels [Published]Isaac Newton [Died]Leonardo Da Vinci [Born]Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing pressLeonardo Da Vinci [Born]Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing pressNewton’s Principia [Published]Age of Enlightenment [Start (circa)]Newton’s Principia [Published]Age of Enlightenment [Start (circa)]Frederick the Great [Reign Starts]Age of Enlightenment [End (circa)]Frederick the Great [Reign Starts]Age of Enlightenment [End (circa)]Battle of Hastings [Happened]Domesday Book [Created]William the Conqueror [Reign Ends]Battle of Hastings [Happened]Domesday Book [Created]William the Conqueror [Reign Ends]An Essay on the Principle of Population [Published]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]An Essay on the Principle of Population [Published]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance [Formulated]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance [Formulated]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]A Tale of Two Cities by Dickens [Published]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Big Ben [Opened]A Tale of Two Cities by Dickens [Published]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Big Ben [Opened]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Hutton's Theory of Earth [Proposed]On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin [Published]Hutton's Theory of Earth [Proposed]World War 1 [Ends]Penicillin [Discovered]World War 1 [Ends]Penicillin [Discovered]Isaac Newton [Died]Euler [Birth]Isaac Newton [Died]Euler [Birth]Euler [Birth]Jean-Jacques Rousseau [Birth]Euler [Birth]Jean-Jacques Rousseau [Birth]Newton’s Principia [Published]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Edmond Halley [Death]Newton’s Principia [Published]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Edmond Halley [Death]Edmond Halley [Birth]Isaac Newton [Born]Newton’s Principia [Published]Edmond Halley [Birth]Isaac Newton [Born]Newton’s Principia [Published]Four-stroke engine [Created]Ford Model T [Production Starts]Four-stroke engine [Created]Ford Model T [Production Starts]Edison Light Bulb [Invented]Ford Model T [Production Starts]Edison Light Bulb [Invented]Ford Model T [Production Starts]Aristotle [Birth]Louis Pasteur [Birth]Aristotle [Birth]Louis Pasteur [Birth]Smallpox Vaccine [Developed]Louis Pasteur [Birth]Smallpox Vaccine [Developed]Louis Pasteur [Birth]Elizabeth I [Reign Starts]James VI and I [Reign Start]Bacon's Inductive Reasoning [Introduced]Elizabeth I [Reign Starts]James VI and I [Reign Start]Bacon's Inductive Reasoning [Introduced]Italian Renaissance [To]Bacon's Inductive Reasoning [Introduced]Italian Renaissance [To]Bacon's Inductive Reasoning [Introduced]Ptolemy I Soter [Reign Starts]Euclid [Born (circa)]Ptolemy I Soter [Reign Starts]Euclid [Born (circa)]Euclid [Died (circa)]Archimedes [Birth (circa)]Euclid [Died (circa)]Archimedes [Birth (circa)]Death of Galileo GalileiParadise Lost [Published]Death of Galileo GalileiParadise Lost [Published]Isaac Newton [Born]Death of Galileo GalileiIsaac Newton [Born]Death of Galileo GalileiSputnik 1 [Launch]Apollo 11 [Landed]Sputnik 1 [Launch]Apollo 11 [Landed]Titanic [Sank]Radio [Invented]Titanic [Sank]Radio [Invented]Royal Society [Created]Galileo Galilei discovers moons of JupiterRoyal Society [Created]Galileo Galilei discovers moons of JupiterOn The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Ptolemy [Death]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Ptolemy [Death]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Newton’s Principia [Published]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Edmond Halley [Death]Newton’s Principia [Published]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Edmond Halley [Death]Euclid [Died (circa)]Archimedes [Birth (circa)]Euclid [Died (circa)]Archimedes [Birth (circa)]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Isaac Newton [Born]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Isaac Newton [Born]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Ptolemy [Death]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Spheres [Published]Ptolemy [Death]Kepler's laws of planetary motion [Published]Louis XVI [Reign Start]Montgolfier Hot-air Balloon [First Untethered Flight]Louis XVI [Reign Start]Montgolfier Hot-air Balloon [First Untethered Flight]Isaac Newton [Died]Gulliver's Travels [Published]South Sea Bubble [Bubble Burst]Isaac Newton [Died]Gulliver's Travels [Published]South Sea Bubble [Bubble Burst]Gulliver's Travels [Published]Isaac Newton [Died]Gulliver's Travels [Published]Isaac Newton [Died]House of Tudor [Start]Birth of Venus [Painted]House of Tudor [Start]Birth of Venus [Painted]Catherine the Great [Start]Candide [Date of Publication]Catherine the Great [Start]Candide [Date of Publication]Rembrandt van Rijn [Born]Caravaggio [Died]Rembrandt van Rijn [Born]Caravaggio [Died]Rembrandt van Rijn [Died]Frans Hals [Death]Rembrandt van Rijn [Died]Frans Hals [Death]Vindication of the Rights of Woman [Published]Frankenstein [Published]Vindication of the Rights of Woman [Published]Frankenstein [Published]Eruption of Mount Tambora [Happened]Frankenstein [Published]Eruption of Mount Tambora [Happened]Frankenstein [Published]Robert Burns [Birth]French Revolution [Started]Robert Burns [Birth]French Revolution [Started]Italian Renaissance [To]Bacon's Inductive Reasoning [Introduced]Italian Renaissance [To]Bacon's Inductive Reasoning [Introduced]Johann Sebastian Bach [Death]Baroque Period [End]Johann Sebastian Bach [Death]Baroque Period [End]Petrarch [Died]Canterbury tales [Published]Petrarch [Died]Canterbury tales [Published]Petrarch [Died]Canterbury tales [Published]Petrarch [Died]Canterbury tales [Published]Rembrandt van Rijn [Born]Caravaggio [Died]Rembrandt van Rijn [Born]Caravaggio [Died]Johann Sebastian Bach [Birth]Edict of Nantes [Revoked]Johann Sebastian Bach [Birth]Edict of Nantes [Revoked]Johann Sebastian Bach [Birth]Newton’s Principia [Published]Johann Sebastian Bach [Birth]Newton’s Principia [Published]Johann Sebastian Bach [Death]Baroque Period [End]Johann Sebastian Bach [Death]Baroque Period [End]Virgil [Death]Aeneid [Published]Caesar Augustus [Death and Reign End]Virgil [Death]Aeneid [Published]Caesar Augustus [Death and Reign End]Cosimo de' Medici Ruling Florence [Start Rule]Donatello's David [Created]Cosimo de' Medici Ruling Florence [Start Rule]Donatello's David [Created]The Garden of Earthly DelightsChristopher Columbus reaches the Bahamas [Lands]The Garden of Earthly DelightsChristopher Columbus reaches the Bahamas [Lands]Venerable Bede [Birth]Dante Alighieri [Death]Venerable Bede [Birth]Dante Alighieri [Death]Richard Wagner [Birth]Queen Victoria [Start Reign]Richard Wagner [Birth]Queen Victoria [Start Reign]Don Quixote [Published]Galileo Galilei discovers moons of JupiterDon Quixote [Published]Galileo Galilei discovers moons of JupiterWilliam Tyndale Bible [New Testament Printed]Luther' Ninety-five Theses [Published]William Tyndale Bible [New Testament Printed]Luther' Ninety-five Theses [Published]Frans Hals [Birth]Leonardo Da Vinci [Died]Frans Hals [Birth]Leonardo Da Vinci [Died]Rembrandt van Rijn [Died]Frans Hals [Death]Rembrandt van Rijn [Died]Frans Hals [Death]Death of Galileo GalileiParadise Lost [Published]Death of Galileo GalileiParadise Lost [Published]Witch persecutions in Scotland [Legalized]